threads of commonality（求助!帮我翻译.接上 3G）

本文目录

• 求助!帮我翻译.接上 3G
• 论文外文翻译部分
• 急要一篇关于communication的八分钟英文演讲稿
• 请帮我翻译几段英文，英译汉~~~ 谢谢~
• 翻译..高手进..帮忙翻译成英文 ..谢谢

求助!帮我翻译.接上 3G

2. 3G goal

(1) globalization: global system, designed with a high degree of commonality, will provide global roaming.
(2) multimedia: providing high-quality multimedia (such as voice, data variable rate, activity video, high-resolution image) transmission, and to achieve a wide range of information integration.
(3) Integration: can the existing paging, cordless, cellular, satellite mobile communications systems such as mobile integrated together to provide a wide range of services.
(4) Intelligent: The main performance of the optimized network structure (the introduction of the concept of Intelligent Network) and the transceiver machine of the software radio.
(5) personal: Users can only personal telecommunications Number (PTN) in any terminal access required telecommunication business, moving beyond the traditional terminals, truly personal mobile communications.

3. Characteristics of the main 3G

(1) how frequently / multimode common mobile phones, can provide seamless global coverage and roaming.
(2) than 2 G advanced voice and data services, including packet data and broadband multimedia services. Such as high-speed Internet access, interactive games, remote education.
(3) high-speed wireless data transmission: high-speed mobile (such as travel) to achieve data rates of 144 Kbps, the slow movement (such as walking) at the rate of up to 384 Kbps, indoor static environment to 2 Mbps.
(4) adapt to a variety of business environments: cellular (Hongfengwo, micro-cellular, cellular pico), cordless, mobile satellite, PSTN, data networks, such as IP.
(5) with a single personal communications number, DAMA bandwidth, high spectral efficiency, capacity.
(6) network architecture can be applied wireless, cable multiple operational requirements, the system can take full advantage of the initial allocation of 2 G equipment, and then be smooth upgrading.

4. Key 3G technology

3G technology is the key to innovation is important. They mainly include:
(1) multi-carrier modulation: signal modulation, the system can be multi-band adaptive modulation method.
(2) Multiple Access technology: 3 G mainly uses CDMA, a frequency planning simple, high spectrum efficiency, soft switches, the advantages of the software.
(3) Software Radio: the use of modern digital signal processing technology, microelectronics and software technology, based on the same hardware platform by loading different software, access to the different operational characteristics, to system upgrades, network smooth transition, multi-frequency multi - Die operation.
(4) Smart Antenna: baseband digital signal processor for each channel to provide a given antenna beam launcher, and always tracking users, and this may reduce the transmission power to reduce interference and increase system capacity, and can beamforming overcome multipath propagation.
(5) asynchronous transfer mode (ATM): The principle is the voice, data, imaging and business information broken down into cells through the network to the destination, can be dynamically allocated bandwidth to mobile users. To provide wireless network to the fixed network end-to-end broadband connectivity, and ease of integration of fixed broadband networks.
(6) Intelligent Network: 3 G from concept can be divided into terminal, wireless access, backbone transmission networks, application services, etc. four parts. Intelligent Network technology allows calls to deal with unrelated types of business, but also in the development of new online services to facilitate revision of business.
Added: Electronic and Information Engineering Technology::: graduates mainly for the power industry, as well as electronics and information technology manufacturing and other enterprises engaged in electronic equipment and information systems research, design, development, application and management.
Training goal: developing a mobile communications equipment installation, commissioning and maintenance capabilities, the public cellular network, a mobile communications system, wireless paging system project planning and the ability to maintain high-level technical application expertise.

论文外文翻译部分

Chinese and Western cultural differences in human resources management

[Abstract] With the acceleration of the process of economic globalization, Chinese and Western cultural differences in corporate human resources management has been a wider range and higher-level exchanges and integration. Multi-cultural context of coexistence to resolve the cultural differences and cultural conflicts arising from the enterprise human resources management, enterprise development. This article mainly from the cultural differences on the impact of human resources management and cultural differences in human resources management applications to discuss the proposal.

[Key words] cultural differences impact on human resources management proposals

First, cultural differences on the impact of human resources management
With the global economic and cultural ties in depth, in order to fierce competition in the market to obtain a competitive advantage and initiative, a growing number of companies go out of the country, the global search for the efficient allocation of resources at the same time, in Western cultural differences to corporate human resources management put forward a new topic for discussion. Enterprise human resources management to a large extent by a national culture, including values, ways of thinking and the impact of social customs and constraints. Cultural impact on business recruitment, promotion, performance appraisal methods, such as a series of human resources management policy. For example, in the design of the remuneration of transnational corporations, it is necessary to consider the views of different countries. Chinese people to increase their wages with benefits linked to the foreign public with the price index, inflation and other factors linked. Similarly, in the promotion of cadres, the Chinese people attach importance to the political quality of the qualifications and interpersonal relationships, while the volume of foreign and line only. Therefore, the human resources of transnational corporations need to enterprises as a whole, to managers of local culture and familiarity with local culture, to adapt to local culture, the condition that the selection of fusion power.
Chinese and Western cultural differences for enterprise human resource management is a double-edged sword, because of cultural differences led to the management of ideas and exchanges on the differences, so that enterprises develop human resources management strategy difficult. Practice has proved that as a result of different cultural backgrounds of people values and behavior patterns of different cultural friction, is the failure of operation and management of transnational corporations and the implementation of its global strategy in trouble one of the root causes. Traditional human resources management, the members have common values, a single management of the environment, in the multi-national corporations, the members have different cultural backgrounds, management organizations difficult. Chinese and Western cultural differences but also in human resources management functions more diversified, and human resources management to promote the realization of a change in the way to improve the human resources management in the enterprise status.
Second, cultural differences in human resource management application in the proposal
1. Integrated corporate culture, strengthen communication, the establishment of common values
Different countries have different cultural values, and as an orthodox, they have their own according to their own thinking and the concept of law, to the enterprise’s human resources management has led to great difficulties. Therefore, human resource managers to find the combination of points of different cultures, absorbing the essence of both culture and give full play to the advantage of commonality and individuality of each other, in order to adopt effective measures to establish a step-by-step characteristics of the enterprises, but also to adapt to the environment of the new enterprise culture, and gradually establish a common values. And by organizing various activities, to continue to strengthen exchanges between staff and cooperation to fully understand each other’s cultural backgrounds, values and so on, to enhance cross-border employees, as well as staff-to-business identity, so that their staff’s personal culture can truly into the corporate culture, their own thoughts and actions with the company’s purposes and business combine in order to give full play to the Chinese and Western cultural differences in human resources management in value.
2. Actively engaged in cross-cultural communication and training
Multinational corporations should be taken to strengthen the cultural communication means, such as the enterprise in favor of establishing a common language to communicate; greater use of task orders, memoranda, and other forms Checklist simple, fast and accurate transmission of information; to collect the views of staff and reasonable, so to enable the employees speak their minds; organization of Chinese and Western seminars to strengthen exchanges. At the same time, human resource managers to enhance cross-cultural training. The so-called cross-cultural training, refers to a variety of cultural backgrounds in the organization, carried out by groups aimed at eliminating or reducing a variety of cultural differences arising from a variety of obstacles, and cultural conflict in training activities. The purpose of cross-cultural training is by making employees aware of the different cultures and learn to respect each other’s culture and improve the staff’s sensitivity to different cultures as well as in the work of international environment and reduce cross-cultural communication as a result of misconduct brought about by the mistakes and daily work as a result of cultural differences arising from a clash of cultures. Cross-cultural training is considered by many multinational companies to reduce the cultural conflicts, to achieve effective cross-cultural management of one of the main instruments. The main content of cultural awareness, cultural sensitivity training, language learning, cross-cultural communication and conflict management, cultural adaptability training, the local environment simulation.
3. The management of localization strategies
Transnational corporations localization of human resources management refers to the overseas subsidiaries of transnational corporations, whether managers or general staff, usually in the host country for recruitment, selection and appointment. The substance of the multinational corporations in the production, marketing, management, personnel and other operating aspects of all-round integration process of the host economy, but also bear the responsibility of the host country citizens, and will integrate into the corporate culture and rooted in local culture. The use of local people can be eliminated by the cultural background and language gap caused all sorts of misunderstandings, and can use them in the local good interpersonal relationships, quickly open up the market, improving the competitiveness of enterprises; is conducive to reduce the overseas dispatch of multinational corporations and transnational business operation the high cost; narrow local subsidiary and the parent company of the location of the differences between the levels; and can choose the one best suited to the posts of staff. Is also beneficial to the host country’s economic security, increase job opportunities, manage change, to accelerate in line with international standards. Therefore, we should actively promote the cultivation of local talent and recruitment.
III Conclusion
In short, human resource managers of multinational companies to manage staff should be in full knowledge of the corporate culture and foreign culture on the basis of thorough, systematic and comprehensive study of enterprises in the western culture of human resources management, so that the different culture to achieve the best combination to play its greatest advantage. Only to build their own cross-cultural management strategies, effective realization of enterprises in the management of the Western cultural differences in order to increase its presence in multinational operations in the likelihood of success, to enhance their competitiveness.

References:
Song Yan: Analysis of corporate human resources, cross-cultural management. Scientific and technological information for development and economic, in 2007 the first three
LIU Jing-jing: On cross-cultural human resources management. Business Administration, in 2007 the first five
Chun-kit: a joint venture operating in the development of cross-cultural differences. Enterprise Zone, 2004 No. 11
Li-Jun Zhao Deng Wu Xiaodong sister: International Enterprise Human Resources Management cross-cultural adaptation research. Techno-economic, 2005 12
Peng ZHANG Peng-cheng: multinational cross-cultural management. Beijing Institute of Finance and Trade Management Journal, 2001 4

仅供参考，请自借鉴。

希望对您有帮助。

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急要一篇关于communication的八分钟英文演讲稿

Communication is the process of attempting to suggest information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium. Communication requires that all parties have an area of communicative commonality. There are auditory means, such as speaking, singing and sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, or the use of writing. Communication is defined as a process by which we assign and convey meaning in an attempt to create shared understanding. This process requires a vast repertoire of skills in intrapersonal and interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, and evaluating. Use of these processes is developmental and transfers to all areas of life: home, school, community, work, and beyond. It is through communication that collaboration and cooperation occur.

Communication is the articulation of sending a message through different media, whether it be verbal or nonverbal, so long as a being transmits a thought provoking idea, gesture, action, etc. Communication is a learned skill. Most people are born with the physical ability to talk, but we must learn to speak well and communicate effectively. Speaking, listening, and our ability to understand verbal and nonverbal meanings are skills we develop in various ways. We learn basic communication skills by observing other people and modeling our behaviors based on what we see. We also are taught some communication skills directly through education, and by practicing those skills and having them evaluated.

Communication as an academic discipline relates to all the ways we communicate, so it embraces a large body of study and knowledge. The communication discipline includes both verbal and nonverbal messages. A body of scholarship all about communication is presented and explained in textbooks, electronic publications, and academic journals. In the journals, researchers report the results of studies that are the basis for an everexpanding understanding of how we all communicate. Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines. Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to be sure about what aspects of communication one is speaking about. Definitions of communication range widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the parameters of human symbolic interaction.

Nonetheless, communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Content (what type of things are communicated), source, emisor, sender or encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination, receiver, target or decoder (to whom), and the purpose or pragmatic aspect. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).

Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules:

Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols),
pragmatic (concerned with the relations between signs/expressions and their users) and
semantic (study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent).
Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. This commonly held rule in some sense ignores autocommunication, including intrapersonal communication via diaries or self-talk.

In a simple model, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. In the presence of “communication noise“ on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a code book, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.

Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possiblities for the shape and durablility of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called ’Space Binding’. it made possible the trasnsmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial adminstration. The other is stone and ’Time Binding’, through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communciation in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).

Contents [hide]
1 Types of communication
1.1 Language
1.1.1 Dialogue
1.1.2 Nonverbal communication
1.1.3 Cultural Approach to Communication
1.2 Non-human living organisms
1.2.1 Plants and fungi
2 Sources
3 External links

[edit] Types of communication
There are only 3 major parts in any communication which is body language, voice, tonality and words. According to the research (Mehrabian and Ferris,’Inference of Attitude from Nonverbal Communication in Two Channels’ in The Journal of Counselling Psychology Vol.31, 1967,pp.248-52), 55% of impact is determined by body language--postures, gestures, and eye contact, 38% by the tone of voice, and 7% by the content or the words used in the communication process. Although the exact % of influence may differ from variables such as the listener and the speaker, communication as a whole strives for the same goal and thus, in some cases, can be universal.

[edit] Language
Main article: Language
A language is a syntactically organized system of signals, such as voice sounds, intonations or pitch, gestures or written symbols which communicate thoughts or feelings. If a language is about communicating with signals, voice, sounds, gestures, or written symbols, can animal communications be considered as a language? Animals do not have a written form of a language, but use a language to communicate with each another. In that sense, an animal communication can be considered as a separate language.

Human spoken and written languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word “language“ is also used to refer to common properties of languages. Language learning is normal in human childhood. Most human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. There are thousands of human languages, and these seem to share certain properties, even though many shared properties have exceptions.

There is no defined line between a language and a dialect, but the linguist Max Weinreich is credited as saying that “a language is a dialect with an army and a navy“. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages.

[edit] Dialogue
Main article: Dialogue
A dialogue is a reciprocal conversation between two or more entities. The etymological origins of the word (in Greek διά(diá,through) + λόγος(logos, word,speech) concepts like flowing-through meaning) do not necessarily convey the way in which people have come to use the word, with some confusion between the prefix διά-(diá-,through) and the prefix δι- (di-, two) leading to the assumption that a dialogue is necessarily between only two parties.

[edit] Nonverbal communication
Main article: Nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication is the process of communicating through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture, body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, or symbols and infographics, as well as through an aggregate of the above, such as behavioral communication. Speech may also contain nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emoticons.A portmanteau of the English words emotion (or emote) and icon, an emoticon is a symbol or combination of symbols used to convey emotional content in written or message form.

[edit] Cultural Approach to Communication
Discussed in his article A Cultural Approach to Communication, communications theorist James W. Carey draws on the notion that “society exists not only by transmission, by communication, but [also] in transmission, in communication”, claiming that “societies distribute information…and that by such transactions and the channels of communication peculiar to them society is made possible”

From this, he suggests two ways of viewing the communication process and the relationship between transmitter and receiver which demonstrate differing ideas of how communication and society are integrated. These are as follows:

• Transmission model: communication as simply a process whereby messages are transmitted and distributed in space for the control of distance and people. A somewhat hierarchical view, where the communicating or gaining of knowledge is of the most importance.

• Ritual model: the maintenance of society in time through the representation of shared beliefs. Invites participation on the basis of our assuming, where communication produces social bonds which tie men and women together and make associated life possible by way of shared information.

[edit] Non-human living organisms
Communication in many of its facets is not limited to humans, or even to primates. Every information exchange between living organisms — i.e. transmission of signals involving a living sender and receiver — can be considered a form of communication. Thus, there is the broad field of animal communication, which encompasses most of the issues in ethology. On a more basic level, there is cell signaling, cellular communication, and chemical communication between primitive organisms like bacteria, and within the plant and fungal kingdoms. All of these communication processes are sign-mediated interactions with a great variety of distinct coordinations.

Animal communication is any behaviour on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behavior of another animal. Of course, human communication can be subsumed as a highly developed form of animal communication. The study of animal communication, called zoosemiotics’ (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. This is quite evident as humans are able to communicate with animals especially dolphins and other animals used in circuses however these animals have to learn a special means of communication. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, many prior understandings related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, have been revolutionized.

[edit] Plants and fungi
Among plants, communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the rootzone. Plant roots communicate in parallel with rhizobia bacteria, with fungi and with insects in the soil. This parallel sign-mediated interactions which are governed by syntactic, pragmatic and semantic rules are possible because of the decentralized “nervous system“ of plants. As recent research shows 99% of intraorganismic plant communication processes are neuronal-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles in the case of herbivory attack behavior to warn neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles which attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In Stress situations plants can overwrite the genetic code they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.

Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their own growth and development such as the formation of mycelia and fruiting bodies. Additionally fungi communicate with same and related species as well as with nonfungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, plants and insects. The used semiochemicals are of biotic origin and they trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, in difference while to even the same chemical molecules are not being a part of biotic messages doesn’t trigger to react the fungal organism. It means, fungal organisms are competent to identify the difference of the same molecules being part of biotic messages or lack of these features. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known that serve to coordinate very different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and the production of such substances can only be achieved through interpretation processes: self or non-self, abiotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, or even “noise”, i.e., similar molecules without biotic content-

请帮我翻译几段英文，英译汉~~~ 谢谢~

愤怒的乘客们不得不在香浓酒店拼房住或者睡在机场。气氛越发的紧张，脾气越发地火爆了起来。第二天早上，当乘客们聚集在机场的咖啡店，等待办理登记手续时，贝克发现前一天还火冒三丈的几个人正喝着可乐，大笑着聊着天。贝克在书中写道：在那个瞬间，我开始觉得可乐不只是饮料。我开始觉得“我们喝可乐吧”这熟悉的一句其实是在委婉地表达“我们互相做个伴吧”。我坐在那，在那个爱尔兰机场，想着全世界的人都会说起这样的话。所以，我最初的想法就是这么来的：不要把可乐看成是清凉饮料，而是看成一种人与人之间小小的共同点，一个有助于人们拥有更久一点的陪伴的，广受欢迎的媒介。贝克所在的那趟航班最后没有抵达伦敦。乘客们被转送到利物浦，然后从那里坐大巴去伦敦，在接近午夜时到达。贝克很快在入住的酒店里见到了比利大卫和罗杰库克，了解到他们已经完成了一首歌曲，而且还有一首歌在酝酿中。贝克提议说他们应该连夜赶工琢磨自己刚想出的主意，“我脑海中有一首歌，歌中的世界仿佛是一个人——这首歌的演唱者想要去帮助，去了解的一个人。我不确定这首歌应该怎么开头，但我知道最后一句歌词。”“我愿意为这个世界买一瓶可口可乐，我愿意陪伴他。”

翻译..高手进..帮忙翻译成英文 ..谢谢

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