empirical evidence（subject是什么意思）

本文目录

• subject是什么意思
• 帮我翻译下· · 谢谢！
• 上市公司股利政策的英文文献 要中英文对照的
• Empirical Evidence on Security Returns 什么意思
• research method研究方法具体包括什么方法
• 谁可以帮忙翻译一下呀！TMT是高管的意思（翻译的好再加分） 不要机器翻译！就今天哦
• 毕业论文 用英语怎么说

subject是什么意思

在这里意思是：专业。

subject [’sʌbdʒɪkt]
n. 主题，话题;学科，科目;[哲]主观
adj. 须服从…的;（在君主等）统治下的
v. 提供，提出;使…隶属
[例句]Two books focus on this fascinating subject.
两本书都关注了这个令人兴奋的主题。

帮我翻译下· · 谢谢！

As time moved and with recent development in corporate world, more researches have examined deeper the concept of capital structure. The trade-off theory of capital structure comes at a later stage which concerned about the corporate finance choices of firms is widely discussed. Its rationale is to describe the fact that firms are usually financed with some proportion of debt and equity.
随着时间的感动,与最近的发展研究企业世界,更多的概念已经检查了更深的资本结构。资本结构的平衡理论,在以后某个阶段,来关心企业融资选择的商行是被广泛讨论。其基本原理是描述了一个事实——公司通常是与一定比例的债务融资和股权。
It proposed a principle that a firm’s target leverage is driven by taxes shield, bankruptcy costs of debt and agency conflicts. Under trade-off theory, it affirms the advantages of using debt because the firm can gain tax shield with the usage of some proportion of debt in financing the company.
它提出了一个原则,公司的目标是驱使税收杠杆、破产成本盾的负债和代理冲突。权衡理论,它肯定下使用的优越性债,因为可以使企业利得税盾与使用一定比例的债务融资的公司。
Tax shield comes from the interest payment as a tax deductible item, which means that the higher the interest payment on debt employed, the lower the taxes will be paid by the firm
税盾来自利息付款项目作为申请扣减税项,这意味着更高的支付利息的债务,从而减少税收的雇用的公司将会支付
However, as companies decide to use more debt, it will put companies in the position of financial distress due to the possibility of the firm may be default in meeting its liabilities obligations.
然而,随着公司决定要用更多的债务,这将使公司在这个位置,由于金融衰退的可能性事务所可以在履行其义务违约责任。
Financial distress will include bankruptcy and non bankruptcy cost. In conclusion, the trade-off theory suggests that optimal capital structure can be attained.
财务危机将包括破产和非破产成本。总之,权衡理论表明,最优资本结构以达到组织的目标。
However, firms should take appropriate actions in balancing between the tax benefits of higher debt and the greater possibility of financial distress costs while aiming to optimize its overall value.
然而,公司应采取适当的措施在平衡与税务效益的可能性高负债和更大的财务危机成本,同时针对优化它的总体价值。
Early empirical evidence on the trade-off theory by Bradley, Jarrel and Kim (1984) reported mixed result. However, recent studies by Givoly, Hayn, Ofer and Sarig (1992), MacKie-Mason (1990) and Trezevent (1992) provides supporting evidence on trade-off theory

早期的实证证据的权衡理论,布莱德利,Jarrel报道和金(1984)混合的结果。然而,最近的研究,Hayn Givoly和Sarig,曲》(1992),MacKie-Mason(1990),(1992)Trezevent权衡理论提供了支持证据

上市公司股利政策的英文文献 要中英文对照的

　　影响上市公司股利政策的因素
　　1、法律法规限制。

　　我国的法律法规对公司股利政策的影响有如下三种情况：

　　第一，《公司法》规定。《公司法》第130条规定股份的发行必须同股同权，同股同利。第177条规定了股利分配的顺序，即公司分配当年税后利润时，应当先提取法定公积金、法定公益金（提取法定公积金和法定公益金之前应当先利用当年利润弥补亏损），然后才可按股东持有的股份比例分配。第179条规定股份有限公司经股东大会决议将法定公积金转为资本时，所留存的该项公积金不得少于注册资本的百分之二十五。

　　第二，《个人所得税法》的规定。按照《个人所得税法》和国家税务总局《关于征收个人所得税若干问题的通知》，个人拥有的股权取得的股息、红利和股票股利应征收20%的所得税。

　　第三，《关于规范上市公司若干问题的通知》的规定。

　　（1）上市公司确实必须进行中期分红派息的，其分配方案必须在中期财务报告经过具有从事证券业务资格的会计师事务所审计后制定；公布中期分配方案的日期不得先于上市公司中期报告的公布日期；中期分配方案经股东大会批准后，公司董事会应当在股东大会召开两个月内完成股利（或股份）的派发事项。

　　（2）制定公平的分配方案，不得向一部分股东派发现金股利，而向其他股东派发股票股利；

　　（3）上市公司制定配股方案同时制定分红方案的，不得以配股作为分红的先决条件。

　　（4）上市公司的送股方案必须将以利润送红股和以公积金转为股本明确区分，并在股东大会上分别作出决议，分项披露，不得将二者均表述为送红股。

　　2、国家宏观经济环境。

　　一国经济的发展具有周期性。当一国经济处在不同的发展周期时，对该国企业股利政策的制定也有不同的影响。相应地，我国上市公司在制定股利政策时同样受到宏观经济环境的影响。当前，在形式上表现为由前几年的大比例送配股，到近年来现金股利的逐年增加。

　　3、通货膨胀。

　　当发生通货膨胀时，折旧储备的资金往往不能满足重置资产的需要。公司为了维持其原有生产能力，需要从留存利润中予以补足，这时管理当局可能调整其股利政策，导致股利支付水平下降。

　　4、企业的融资环境。当客观上存在一个较为宽松的融资环境时，企业可以发放债务融资性的股利和权益融资性的股利，亦即公司借新债或发新股来为股利融资。一般说来，企业规模越大，实力越雄厚，其在资本市场融资的能力就越强，财务灵活性也越大，当然其支付股利的能力也就越强。对于许多小公司或新成立的公司而言，难以采取融资性的股利政策。

　　5、市场的成熟程度。

　　衡量市场的成熟程度，通常可划分为三种形式：弱式有效市场、半强式有效市场和强式有效市场。市场越有效，其成熟度也就越高。实证研究结果显示，在比较成熟的资本市场（半强式有效市场）中，现金股利是最重要的一种股利形式，股票股利则呈下降趋势。我国因尚系新兴的资本市场，和成熟的市场相比，在中国，股票股利仍属一种重要的股利形式。

　　6、企业所在的行业。

　　股利政策具有明显的行业特征。一般说来，成熟产业的股利支付率高于新兴产业，公用事业公司的股利支付率高于其他行业公司。经验证据表明，行业的平均股利支付率同该行业的投资机会呈负相关关系。

　　7、企业资产的流动性。

　　所谓资产的流动性是指企业资产转化为现金的难易程度。企业的现金流量与资产整体流动性越好，其支付现金股利的能力就强。而成长中的、盈利性较好的企业，如其大部分资金投在固定资产和永久性营运资金上，则他们通常不愿意支付现金股利而危及企业的安全。

　　8、企业的生命周期。

　　通常把企业的生命周期划分为成长阶段、发展阶段和成熟阶段。在不同的阶段，企业的股利政策会受到不同的影响。在成长阶段，企业亟需资金投入，一般来讲，股利支付率相对较低；在发展阶段，公司开始能以较大的股利支付比率把收益转移给股东；至成熟阶段，由于投入产出相对稳定，股利支付率和股票收益率都将几乎保持不变。

　　9、企业的投资机会。

　　股利政策在很大程度上受投资机会所左右。如果公司有较多的有利可图的投资机会，往往采用低股利、高留存利润的政策；反之，如果投资机会较少，就可能采用高股利政策。当然，在采用低股利政策时，公司管理层必须向股东充分披露以留存利润投资于盈利高的项目，以取得股东的信任和支持。

　　------
　　1, limit laws and regulations.

　　China’s laws and regulations of the company’s dividend policy has the following three conditions:

　　First, the “Company Law“ requirements. “Company Law“ Article 130 provides that the issuance of shares to be shares with the same rights, with the shares with Lee. The provisions of section 177 of the order of the dividend distribution, that is, when the distribution of after-tax profit of the company should first extract the statutory fund, statutory public welfare fund (statutory provident fund and statutory extract before the first use of the Community Chest of the year to make up for loss of profits), and then only by shareholders holding Some pro-rata allocation of shares. Co., Ltd. article 179 of the statutory fund shareholders’ general meeting resolution to capital, retained by the fund shall not be less than 25 percent of the registered capital.

　　Second, the “Personal Income Tax Act“. In accordance with the “Personal Income Tax Law“ and the State Administration of Taxation, “on a number of issues of personal income tax levy,“ which individuals have access to the equity dividend, dividends and stock dividends to 20% of the income tax levy.

　　Third, the “norms of listed companies on notice a number of issues“ requirement.

　　(1) a listed company must conduct an interim dividend does pay a dividend, the distribution must be in the interim financial report has been qualified to engage in securities business, drawn up after the accounting firm audit; announced the allocation of medium-term programs may not be before the date of the interim report of listed companies publication date; the medium-term shareholders’ general meeting approved the allocation of the program, the Company’s Board of Directors held a general meeting of shareholders should be completed within two months of the dividend (or shares) of the distribution of matter.

　　(2) the development of equitable distribution of the program may not be distributed to shareholders as part of cash dividends, and other shareholders to distribute stock dividends;

　　(3) placement of shares of listed companies to develop programs to develop bonus programs at the same time, a placement of shares as a dividend shall not be a prerequisite.

　　(4) of listed companies will be profit bonus program must give Bonus shares and a clear distinction between provident fund to equity and the shareholders of the General Assembly resolution, respectively, the disclosure of sub-items may not be expressed as give Bonus shares both.

　　2, the national macro-economic environment.

　　The development of a country’s economy has a cyclical character. When a country’s economy at different development cycle, the country’s corporate dividend policies have different effects. Correspondingly, China’s listed companies in the formulation of dividend policy by the same macro-economic environment. At present, the performance of the grounds in the form of a few years ago to send a large proportion of the allotment, cash dividends in recent years has increased year by year.

　　3, inflation.

　　When inflation, the depreciation reserve funds are often unable to meet the needs of asset replacement. Companies in order to maintain its original capacity, need to be filled in retained earnings, when management may adjust its dividend policy, leading to reduction in the level of dividend payments.

　　4, the financing environment for enterprises. When there is an objective of the financing for a more flexible environment, corporate debt financing can be paid the dividend and rights of the financing of the dividend, which is the company through new debt or new shares to finance the dividend. In general, larger enterprises, the more abundant strength, its ability to finance the capital market will be strong, and greater financial flexibility, of course, their ability to pay dividends stronger. For many smaller companies or new companies formed, it is difficult to take the financing of the dividend policy.

　　5, the maturity of the market.

　　Maturity of the market, usually can be divided into three forms: weak-form efficient market, semi-strong efficient markets and effective market strong. Market more effective, the higher its maturity. Empirical studies have shown that in more mature capital market (semi-strong efficient market), the cash dividend is the most important form of a dividend, stock dividends decreased. Department of China is still emerging from the capital markets, and mature markets, in China, the stock dividend is still an important form of dividends.

　　6, where the industry enterprises.

　　Dividend policy has obvious characteristics of the industry. In general, a mature industry, the rate of dividend payout is higher than in emerging industries, public utility companies to pay dividends is higher than companies in other industries. Empirical evidence shows that the industry average dividend payout rate of investment opportunities in the industry was a negative correlation between.

　　7, the mobility of corporate assets.

　　The so-called liquid assets means assets into cash difficulties. Corporate cash flow and assets, the better the overall liquidity, its ability to pay cash dividends on strong. And growing, profitable enterprises better, as most of the money invested in fixed assets and working capital on a permanent, they are usually not willing to pay cash dividends and jeopardize the enterprise security.

　　8, the life cycle of enterprises.

　　Usually the business life cycle is divided into the growth stage, development stage and mature stage. At various stages, corporate dividend policy will be subject to different effects. In the growth stage, enterprises need capital investment, in general, relatively low rate of dividend payment; in the development stage, the company began to pay a larger percentage of the dividend proceeds to the shareholders; to a mature stage, due to the relative input-output stable, dividend payout rates and stock returns will be almost unchanged.

　　9, business investment opportunities.

　　Dividend policy to a large extent influenced by the investment opportunities. If the company more profitable investment opportunities, often using low-dividend, high profit retention policies; the contrary, if the investment is less likely to adopt high-dividend policy. Of course, in the use of low-dividend policy, the company’s management must be fully disclosed to shareholders in order to retain profits to invest in high-profit projects, in order to obtain the trust and support of shareholders.

Empirical Evidence on Security Returns 什么意思

Empirical － 通过实践的（非纯理论的）
Security Returns - 证券,股票收益

Empirical evidence on security returns
关于证券收益的实际性和实践性的证明

research method研究方法具体包括什么方法

Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems
Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem
Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence
Research can also fall into two distinct types:
Primary research (collection of data that does not yet exist)
Secondary research (summary, collation and/or synthesis of existing research)
In social sciences and later in other disciplines, the following two research methods can be applied, depending on the properties of the subject matter and on the objective of the research:
Qualitative research (understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior)
Quantitative research (systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships)
Research is often conducted using the hourglass model Structure of Research. The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the methodology of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results.
这个是wiki上面给出的解释,不知道能不能满足你的需要.
如果有问题,请继续提问.
希望对你有帮助.谢谢

谁可以帮忙翻译一下呀！TMT是高管的意思（翻译的好再加分） 不要机器翻译！就今天哦

新企业绩效
Recent findings linking TMT composition and dynamics with new venture performance have been substantial.最近,高管的组成和动态关系与新企业绩效的关系有很多研究. In this regard, empirical evidence has identified clear linkages between the composition and group dynamics variables that we have described in the preceding sections with the survival and growth of startups. 在这方面,实证研究已经明确了组成与动态变量之间的关系,这些我们已经在之前关于初创企业的生存和发展阐述了.The foundation of these studies has been based in upper echelons theory, which argues that firms are a reflection of the top managers that lead them. 这些研究的基础建立在高层理论,认为公司的发展反映了高层管理者状态。This link has been supported through the study of several thousand new ventures, as well as countless larger and more established organizations.这种关系通过对几千个新企业的研究而被证实,同时也被较大的和完善的组织证明了.Such relationships, however, are typically found to be most robust in the new venture context.然而,这种关系在新企业背景下里被发现是最很强劲的.This is because the new venture context tends to be characterized by “weak” rather than “strong” strong situations.这是由于新创企业的环境特点取向于较弱而不是较强的状态. Mischel (1977) describes strong situations as those in which there are relatively uniform expectancies regarding appropriate behavior.Mischel(1977年)描述强大的状态为关于适当的行为有较统一的期望. In strong situations certain behaviors are reinforced by normative expectations and incentive structures that support learning those behaviors. Weak situations lack these characteristics and do not provide clear incentives, support, or normative expectations for what constitutes appropriate behavior. 在强的状态下,特定的行为被大家所期望的规范以及哪些支持学习这些行为的激励系统所强化.而在若的状态下,由于缺乏了这些特点,而没有为特定行为提供清晰的激励支持系统或者期望规范. It has been demonstrated that in weak situations, the individual characteristics and behavior of top management are likely to display clearer linkages to organizational outcomes than those acting within strong situations (Beaty et al., 2001).已经证明,在弱的情况下,高层管理团队的个人特性和行为,比在强的状态下,倾向于与组织绩效有着更明显的联系.As a result, it is anticipated that the top management team composition and dynamic variables that we have outlined will account for a lower proportion of variance in firm performance for university based start-ups than for those without such affiliation.因此,我们可以预期,高层团队的组成和动态变量在以大学为基础的创业企业中对公司的影响要小于没有这种附属关系的. In addition, the homogenous nature and less developed dynamics of university-based newventure top management teams should lead to deficits in firms performance as compared to that of independent start-ups. 进而,相似的特点和较少的动态改变使得基于大学的新创企业管理团队会比独立的新创企业容易引起赤字. This leads us to our final hypotheses这使我们做最后的假设:
Hypothesis 3. The amount of variance in firm performance that is accounted for by new venture TMT composition and dynamics will be lower for universitybased start-ups than for independent start-ups. 假设3。基于大学的创业团队的的组成与动态关系对公司绩效的影响程度要小于独立的新创企业.
Hypothesis 4. The performance of university-based start-ups will be lower than the performance of independent start-ups.假设4。基于大学的新创企业的绩效劣于独立的新创企业

毕业论文 用英语怎么说

毕业论文的英文翻译是thesis，音标是英 [ˈθi:sɪs]   美 [ˈθisɪs]  。

thesis

n.论文，毕业论文;论点，论题;命题

扩展例句

1、There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis. 

他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。

2、How well does this thesis stand up to close examination? 

这个命题经得起推敲吗？

3、He has finished his thesis. 

他的论文完成了。

4、She’s finished writing her thesis. 

她那篇论文写出来了。

5、Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕. 

请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。

The article has a clear-cut thesis and arguments, but lacks reasoning.

文章论点、论据鲜明，但缺乏论证。